Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | H4N |
Molecular Weight | 18.0385 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 1 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[NH4+]
InChI
InChIKey=QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O
InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3/p+1
DescriptionSources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
Sources: http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB41827
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. Ammonium ions are a waste product of the metabolism of animals. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because urea is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Ammonium is an important source of nitrogen for many plant species, especially those growing on hypoxic soils. However, it is also toxic to most crop species and is rarely applied as a sole nitrogen source. The ammonium ion (NH4+) in the body plays an important role in the maintenance of acid-base balance. The kidney uses ammonium (NH4+) in place of sodium (Na+) to combine with fixed anions in maintaining acid-base balance, especially as a homeostatic compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis. When a loss of hydrogen ions (H+) occurs and serum chloride (Cl–) decreases, sodium is made available for combination with bicarbonate (HCO3–). This creates an excess of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which leads to a rise in blood pH and a state of metabolic alkalosis. The therapeutic effects of Ammonium (as Ammonium Chloride) depend upon the ability of the kidney to utilize ammonia in the excretion of an excess of fixed anions and the conversion of ammonia to urea by the liver, thereby liberating hydrogen (H+) and chloride (Cl–) ions into the extracellular fluid.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Possible mechanisms of anti-cholinergic drug-induced bradycardia. | 1988 |
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Venous, arterial, and arterialized-venous blood ammonia levels and their relationship to hepatic encephalopathy after propranolol. | 1988 Mar |
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Cytoprotective effect of plasmin inhibitor on necrotizing agent-induced gastric lesions in rats. | 1989 May |
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Effects of valproate and citrulline on ammonium-induced encephalopathy. | 1994 Jan-Feb |
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Characterization of rabbit UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A7: tertiary amine glucuronidation is catalyzed by UGT1A7 and UGT1A4. | 1997 Aug 15 |
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Alterations of neurotransmitter-related gene expression in human and experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. | 1998 Dec |
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Determination of ammonia in cerebrospinal fluid using the indophenol direct method. | 1998 Jun-Aug |
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Ammonia as an attractive component of host odour for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. | 1999 Dec |
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Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase. | 1999 Jul 29 |
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Helicobacter pylori and ammonia concentrations of whole, parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva. | 1999 Jun |
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Effects of L-arginine on picrotoxin-induced increase in brain ammonia concentrations and convulsions in rats. | 1999 Oct |
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Influence of ammonia on sodium absorption in rat proximal colon. | 2000 Aug |
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Rye bread improves bowel function and decreases the concentrations of some compounds that are putative colon cancer risk markers in middle-aged women and men. | 2000 Sep |
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Role of glutamine in cerebral nitrogen metabolism and ammonia neurotoxicity. | 2001 |
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The significance of ammonia/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ratio for normality and liver disorders. | 2002 Dec |
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Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and rat brain in vivo. | 2002 Dec |
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Ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. | 2003 |
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[Detection of myocardial lesion in patients with acute ammonia poisoning]. | 2003 Aug |
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Hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. | 2003 Jul |
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[Blood ammonia and transaminases in full term infants suffering from perinatal asphyxia]. | 2003 May 1-15 |
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Pharmacokinetic considerations in development of a bioartificial liver. | 2004 |
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Phosphorylation of mouse glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (GFAT2) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the enzyme activity. | 2004 Jul 16 |
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Cerebral ammonia uptake and accumulation during prolonged exercise in humans. | 2005 Feb 15 |
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Role of ammonia and nitric oxide in the decrease in plasma prolactin levels in prehepatic portal hypertensive male rats. | 2006 |
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Non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. | 2007 Aug |
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Role of angiotensin II in the enhancement of ammonia production and secretion by the proximal tubule in metabolic acidosis. | 2008 Apr |
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Encapsulation of glutamine synthetase in mouse erythrocytes: a new procedure for ammonia detoxification. | 2008 Dec |
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In vivo monitoring of extracellular 13N-glutamine derived from blood-borne 13N-ammonia in rat striatum using microdialysis with radio-LC method. | 2009 Oct 30 |
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Glutamine synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production during fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. | 2010 Mar 26 |
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Molecular basis of inhibition of substrate hydrolysis by a ligand bound to the peripheral site of acetylcholinesterase. | 2010 Sep 6 |
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[Effect of jianpi yiqi qingyou decoction on lymphocyte subsets and IL-2 mRNA in gastric tissue in rats with chronic superficial gastritis]. | 2011 Apr |
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Resveratrol prevents ammonia toxicity in astroglial cells. | 2012 |
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Combined effects of high environmental ammonia, starvation and exercise on hormonal and ion-regulatory response in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). | 2012 Jun 15 |
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Lipoic acid protects C6 cells against ammonia exposure through Na⁺-K⁺-Cl⁻ co-transporter and PKC pathway. | 2013 Oct |
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Ammonia impairs glutamatergic communication in astroglial cells: protective role of resveratrol. | 2015 Dec |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/ammonium-chloride.html
Solutions for intravenous infusion should not exceed a concentration of 1% to 2% of Ammonium Chloride.
Dosage is dependent upon the condition and tolerance of the patient. It is recommended that the contents of one to two vials (100 to 200 mEq) be added to 500 or 1000 mL of isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride injection. The rate of intravenous infusion should not exceed 5 mL per minute in adults (approximately 3 hours for infusion of 1000 mL). Dosage should be monitored by repeated serum bicarbonate determinations.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342595
HepG2 is a human HCC line purchased from ATCC and was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). HCC cells were treated with rapamycin (100 mkM) as an autophagy inducer and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 10mkM) as an autophagy inhibitor. NH4Cl inhibited rapamycin-induced autophagy in HCC cells.
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1845-7
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1844-0
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14599-5
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54S68520I4
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Ammonium cation
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1313310
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100000176250
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14798-03-9
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DTXSID5043974
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223
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28938
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54S68520I4
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709
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ALTERNATIVE |
ACTIVE MOIETY